RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology and sociology are inextricably bound. Psychology is the study of the mind and its relation to behavior. Sociology is the study of society, and society is a group of interdependent people. Psychology and sociology are related by their focus on people and behavior.

The body of a person or persons is the objective subject of psychology and sociology. Psychology observes a persons behavior and draws inferences on the workings of the mind, through that behavior. Sociology observes the interaction of several bodies and draws inferences on the workings of that society. With few exceptions, such as children who have grown up entirely separated from society, minds are influenced by a society. At the same time, societies are influenced by individual minds.

We can see how the mind of an individual can impact a society. The great minds of humanity have shaped social systems in a myriad of ways. Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Rousseau, Voltaire and Bell are just a few people whose minds have shaped the societies in which we live today. One theory of social history even holds that social change evolves through individuals. Religious figures such as Buddha, Krishna, Moses and Jesus Christ clearly support this idea. Sociology, however, will not be denied.

These individuals, a sociologist will say, did not just appear on the scene, fully equipped to deliver the world views that they espoused. They each had a mother and father. They each grew up in a society of people with standing traditions and expectations. They did not invent the language they used to communicate their ideas. It was provided by the society in which they found themselves.

This debate continues today, but most psychologists and sociologists agree that individual minds do shape society and that societies shape minds. This adaption is clearly demonstrated in the development of psychiatry. Sigmund Freud, the originator of psychiatry, focused on the individual mind, on what it did with its experiences.

His daughter, Anna Freud, recognized that these experiences were mostly social, and expanded psychiatry to include the consideration of social structures that impact an individual when diagnosing diseases of the mind. Humanistic branches of psychology have fully exploited this revelation, so that psychology and sociology together, and never apart, suffice to explain society and mind.

The development of psychology and sociology as a joint discipline used to explain human individual and group behavior reached its apex with the situational psycho-social description of human behavior in the situational psychiatry that began in the 1920s and culminated with the existentialists of the 1940s and 1950s.

In this approach, psychology as a separate study, is about human consciousness and its ways of giving meaning. Although early proponents viewed society and its structures from the perspective of Marxist materialistic determinism, later proponents have acknowledged the element of freedom and genius, and have opposed the view that the mind is a mere consequence, an effect, of social history.

Whatever perspective we take, we cannot deny that society, in the form of family, community and country, influences the way we think, what we feel, what we see, even what we imagine. Similarly, we cannot deny that individual minds have invented the way we relate to each other, including our political and religious institutions.

Psychology and sociology must be studied together, as a single discipline, to give us a full picture of the human being in today's world. If you study the one, study the other. Lacking one, you will never have a full grasp of the other. Psychology and sociology are the two sides of man.

 

Political Science

Political science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions. And from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works." Political science intersects with other fields; including anthropology, public policy, national politics, economics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, sociology,history, law, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.


Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating insocial research. Approaches include positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory,behavioralism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, and model building.

ECONOMICS

Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek oikonomia, "management of a household, administration" from oikos, "house"  nomos, "custom" or "law", hence "rules of the household". Current economic models emerged from the broader field of political economy in the late 19th century. A primary stimulus for the development of modern economics was the desire to use an empirical approach more akin to the physical sciences.

economics, study of how human beings allocate scarce resources to produce various commodities and how those commodities are distributed for consumption among the people in society . The essence of economics lies in the fact that resources are scarce, or at least limited, and that not all human needs and desires can be met. How to distribute these resources in the most efficient and equitable way is a principal concern of economists. The field of economics has undergone a remarkable expansion in the 20th cent. as the world economy has grown increasingly large and complex. Today, economists are employed in large numbers in private industry, government, and higher education. Many subjects, such as political science and sociology, which were once regarded as part of the study of economics, have today become separate disciplines, although the study of any one generally implies a working knowledge of the others.

 

Alfred Marshall, a pioneer neoclassical economist, reoriented economics towards the study of humanity and provided economic science with a more comprehensive definition. Marshall, in his famous book Principles of Economics published in 1890, defines economics as follows:

"Political Economy or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life. It examines that part of individual & social action which is most closely connected with the attainment & with the use of material requisites of well-being".

CALIBAN(the tempest)

CALIBAN

Caliban is forced into servitude on an island ruled by Prospero. While he is referred to as a calvaluna or mooncalf, a freckled monster, he is the only human inhabitant of the island that is otherwise "not honour'd with a human shape". In some traditions he is depicted as a wild man, or a deformed man, or a beast man, or sometimes a mix of fish and man, stemming from the confusion of two of the characters about what he is, found lying on a deserted island. Caliban is the son of the luciferous woman Sycorax by (according to Prospero) a devil. Banished from Algiero, Sycorax was left on the isle, pregnant with Caliban, and died before Prospero's arrival. Caliban refers to Setebos as his mother's god. Prospero explains his harsh treatment of Caliban by claiming that after initially befriending him, Caliban attempted to rape Miranda. Caliban confirms this gleefully, saying that if he hadn't been stopped he would have peopled the island with a race of Calibans. Prospero then entraps Caliban and torments him. Resentful of Prospero, Caliban takes Stephano, one of the shipwrecked servants, as a god and as his new master. Caliban learns that Stephano is neither a god nor Prospero's equal in the conclusion of the play, however, and Caliban agrees to obey Prospero again.

Despite his portrayal, he also has moments in which he delivers beautiful speeches, 

MANAGEMENT

Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning,organizing,staffing,leading or directing, andcontrolling an organization(a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resource,financial resources,technology resources, and natural resources.

Organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Ducker (1909–2005), the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation.

At the beginning, one thinks of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan; or as the actions taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Henri Fayol (1841–1925)^.considers management to consist of six functions: forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. He was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management.

One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "business administration" and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More realistically, however, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, etc. in order to maximize its effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments which teach management as "business schools." Some institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the more inclusive term "management."

Basic functions

Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, staffing, leading/directing, controlling/monitoring and motivation.

• Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc.) and generating plans for action.
• Organizing: (Implementation) making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans.
• Staffing: Job analysis, recruitment, and hiring for appropriate jobs.
• Leading/directing: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it.
• Controlling/monitoring: Checking progress against plans.
• Motivation: Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively. If motivation does not take place in an organization, then employees may not contribute to the other functions (which are usually set by top-level manageme

THE COMEDY ERRORS(characters analysis)

Characters

Antipholus of Syracuse  -  The twin brother of Antipholus of Ephesus and the son of Egeon; he has been traveling the world with his slave, Dromio of Syracuse, trying to find his long-lost brother and mother

 

Antipholus of Ephesus  -  The twin brother of Antipholus of Syracuse and the son of Egeon; he is a well-respected merchant in Ephesus and Adriana's husband.

 

Dromio of Syracuse  -  The bumbling, comical slave of Antipholus of Syracuse. He is the twin brother of Dromio of Ephesus.

 

Dromio of Ephesus  -  The bumbling, comical slave of Antipholus of Ephesus. He is the Syracusan Dromio's twin brother.

 

Adriana -  The wife of Antipholus of Ephesus, she is a fierce, jealous woman.

 

Luciana -  Adriana's unmarried sister and the object of Antipholus of Syracuse's affections.

 

Solinus -  The Duke of Ephesus; a just but merciful ruler.

 

Egeon -  A Syracusan merchant, husband of the Abbess (Emilia), and the father of the two Antipholi. He is, like his Syracusan son, in search of the missing half of his family; he has been sentenced to death as the play begins.

 

Abbess  -  Emilia, the long-lost wife of Egeon and the mother of the two Antipholi.

 

Balthasar -  A merchant in Syracuse.

 

Angelo -  A goldsmith in Syracuse and a friend to Antipholus of Ephesus.

 

Merchant  -  An Ephesian friend of Antipholus of Syracuse.

 

Second Merchant  -  A tradesman to whom Angelo is in debt.

 

Doctor Pinch  -  A schoolteacher, conjurer, and would-be exorcist.

 

Luce  -  Also called Nell. Antipholus of Ephesus' prodigiously fat maid and Dromio of Ephesus' wife.

 

Courtesan -  An expensive prostitute and friend of Antipholus of Ephesus.

 

 

O-PED (SIRIJUNGA)

''Te-Ongsi Sirijunga Xin Thebe'' or ''Teyongshi Ziri Dzö-nga Xin Thebe'' was an 18th-century Limbu people\Limbu scholar, teacher, educationist, historian and philosopher of Limbuwan and Sikkim. He was formally known as "Sirichongba" but his more popular name was and remains ''Sirijanga''.

Life
Sirijanga was born in Sinam-Tellok Yangwarok area in Limbuwan in 1704. A Limbu language instruction book reveals Sirijanga's real name as '''Rupihaang'''. The ''Haang'' part of the name is a common Kirati term indicating a family of high or royal origin. Sirijanga had accepted his Lepcha nickname by claiming to be the incarnation of a legendary 9th-century historical figure called "Sirijanga". It has been widely believed that it was this legendary historical figure who preserved and revived the ancient Limbu script\Kirat scripts, but many now feel that the Sirijanga legend was most likely created by the 18th-century Sirijanga himself, with the intention of making the Limbu and Lepcha people more ready to believe and follow his teachings.

Work
Sirijanga Singthebe researched and taught the Kirat-Sirijonga script, language and religion of the Limbus in various part of Limbuwan and Sikkim, India. Sirijanga revived the old Kirat script, today mistakenly known as Sirijanga."Sirijongahang Kirat Lipika Aviskarak Hoinan, Punarutthankarta Matra Hun" by Manjul Yakthungba, Then Chairperson of Kirat Yakthung Chumlung as published in Tanchhoppa Year 7 Issue.With the use of his newly revived script, he collected, composed and copied huge amounts of Kirat literature pertaining to history and cultural traditions. He travelled extensively through remote regions, attempting to amass sources of Limbu knowledge and culture. Eventually, he began going from village to village, publicising his findings and establishing centres of Kirati learning. In doing all of this, Sirijanga laid the foundation for a Kirat ethnic revival, and contributed significantly to the resistance against Tibet\Tibetan\Buddhistcultural domination. Sirijanga preached that acquiring broad cultural knowledge and experience was the key to the revival and enrichment of a community. In an attempt to trace the sources of his culture, he at first studied with local Tibetan Buddhist lamas, who at the time were the only means of connecting to a learned tradition in the region

Sirijanga was also witness to the influx of the Hindu-based Khas culture from the western hill districts of today's Nepal. As such, along with his preliminary studies under the local lamas, he also practiced reading and writing in contemporary Khas, now known as Nepali language\Nepali. In order to better understand the dynamics at play in the region and to gather support for his movement, Sirijanga traveled far and wide to establish contact with rulers and powerful personalities. In one of these travels, it seems that he had either contacted or met King Jayaprakash Malla of Kathmandu. This multi-lingual and multi-cultural exposure to Buddhist and Hindu standards enabled Sirijanga to grasp the fundamentals of both the region's dominant cultures. During Sirijanga's life, the Bhutanese and Sikkimese quest for greater control over the eastern Himalaya led to many wars between Limbu and Sikkimese Bhutia(Bhutia indicating Tibetan origin) authorities. In due time, the lamas of Sikkim were able to extend their monastic centres in the northern areas of the part of Limbuwan that now lies in Nepal. After some time, this cultural encroachment enabled the Bhutia rulers to repeatedly subdue and take control of the entire Kirat territory.
The root of this state of conflict can be seen to lie in the politics of culture and knowledge at play in the region. Sikkimese Tibetan rulers and Buddhist spiritual leaders were able to subjugate the entire far-eastern Kirat region by means of their hold over the established learned traditions and the systematic spiritual culture of Buddhism. It was the realisation of this that led Sirijanga to emphasise the necessity of a peaceful, knowledge-based movement.

Death
In present-day terms, Sirijanga's ethnic movement can be said to be one of Kirat empowerment through education. Sirijanga's movement came to represent a significant threat, in particular to the Sikkimese Bhutia rulers and their spiritual gurus. His writings and teachings through the Kirati alphabets and literary texts he collected attracted significant numbers of Limbus and Lepchas, and led to the start of an ethnic awakening. Sirijanga was able to establish centres of Kirat cultural and religious learning in many places throughout the eastern Himalayan hills. The Sikkimese authorities felt threatened. Sirijanga was killed in Martam, Hee-Bermiok in West Sikkim in 1741 after being tied to a tree and shot at with arrows. The Kirat learning centres that he established were thus destroyed and Sirijanga's disciples murdered or brutally suppressed by the Bhutias for defying their insistence to convert the Limbus to Buddhism and also for the growth of the Limbu language and script that Sirijanga had taught. The place where Sirijanga was killed has a become a shrine to all people (irrespective of class, creed, and religion) from Sikkim and Nepal.